ABSTRACT: Lowlands have been cultivated with irrigated rice (Oryza sativa) in a monoculture cropping system for more than a century in southern Brazil. Shallow topsoil with high bulk density and deficient water infiltration favors the of production paddy rice; however, this condition does not favor species non-tolerant to flooding or oxygen restriction. Thus, soil and irrigation management may be necessary to raise the rice-soybean (Glycine max) rotation systems to sustainable levels. We carried out a two-year field experiment to assess the effects of irrigation treatments and soil management on soil physical properties, soybean growth, and grain yield in lowland systems. The experiment comprised a randomized block design with two factors and three replications. The main factor comprised the following irrigation treatments: sprinkler; surface, and rainfed. Four soil managements composed the second factor: conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT), conventional tillage with raised-seedbed, and no-tillage with raised-seedbed. Soil physical properties, soil penetration resistance, crop parameters, grain yield and water productivity were evaluated. CT increased the soil penetration resistance near the soil surface layer. The highest soil bulk density at the 0.05-0.10 m layer in the CT reduces grain yield in rainfed soybean compared to NT. Supplementary irrigation increased soybean yield of about 36 % in years of uneven rainfall distribution. Sprinkler irrigation resulted in higher irrigated water productivity (90 %) compared to surface irrigation, contributing to a more sustainable increase in grain yield. Crop rotation in a no-tillage cropping scheme could improve the sustainability of diversified agriculture in lowlands.

RESUMO: O Brasil se destaca na produção de soja, sendo o maior exportador e o segundo maior produtor do grão e a maior parte é cultivado em sistema plantio direto (SPD). Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da compactação, cultivo e quantidades de palha de aveia preta na superfície do solo sobre o crescimento e o rendimento de grãos de soja em SPD em terras baixas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos, nas safras 2016/17 e 2017/18, foram: 1) Pousio no inverno sem compactação (WF); 2) Pousio no inverno + compactação (WF-C); 3) Aveia preta e retirada da palha superficial + compactação (0R-C); 4) Aveia e retirada da metade da palha + compactação (0,5R-C); 5) Aveia + permanência da palhada + compactação (1R-C); 6) Aveia + a palha retirada do tratamento 3 (2 doses palha) + compactação (2R-C); 7) Aveia + permanência da palha, sem compactação (1R). No estádio fenológico R2 a soja foram avaliadas a massa seca de nódulos e de raízes, massa seca e nitrogênio da parte aérea, altura de plantas e produtividade de grãos. No solo foram avaliadas propriedades físicas nas camadas de 0,0-0,05; 0,10-0,15 e 0,20-0,25 m. A produção de massa seca da parte aérea de soja é > 38% em solo não compactado em ano com excesso hídrico independente da quantidade de palha de aveia na superfície. Em ano com pequeno déficit hídrico os tratamentos com mais palha produziram > 5% de massa seca da parte aérea e > 4% de grãos de soja, independente da compactação. O crescimento e o rendimento de grãos de soja em terras baixas oscilam de acordo com as condições hídricas, sendo influenciada pela compactação e quantidade de palha superficial.

ABSTRACT: Brazil is the largest exporter and second largest producer of soybean grains. Most of this production is from plants grown under no-tillage system (NT). This research evaluated the effect of soil compaction, and different amounts of black oat residues on the soil surface on soybean growth and grain yield in lowland under NT. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and four replications, in the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 crop seasons. The treatments consisted of: 1) winter fallow without soil compaction (WF); 2) winter fallow with soil compaction (WF-C); 3) black oats and complete removal of surface residues, with soil compaction (0R-C); 4) black oats and removal half of surface residues, with soil compaction (0.5R-C); 5) black oats without surface residue removal, with soil compaction (1R-C); 6) black oats without surface residue removal, plus the residues from treatment 3, with soil compaction (2R-C); 7) black oats without surface residue removal, without soil compaction (1R). When the soybean plants were at the phenological stage R2, they were evaluated nodule, root and shoot dry matter, nitrogen contents, plant height, and grain yield. The soil physical properties were evaluated in the 0.0-0.05, 0.10-0.15 and 0.20-0.25 m layers. The soybean aerial dry matter is > 38% in non-compacted soil in year with soil water excess, regardless of the amount of surface oat straw. In year with small water deficit, soil with more surface oat straw produced > 5% shoot dry matter and > 4% of soybean grain, regardless of compaction. The plant growth and grain yield soybean in lowland varied according to the water conditions, and were affected by soil compaction and amounts of black oats residues on soil surface.

RESUMO Desempenho de arroz irrigado por inundação afetado por palha residual de arroz O arroz é uma cultura de importância econômica e alimentar que atinge elevada produtividade em cultivos irrigados por inundação. No entanto, a quantidade de palha residual do cultivo anterior pode influenciar no seu crescimento e produtividade. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de arroz irrigado por inundação, em casa-de-vegetação, afetado por palha residual de arroz. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 4 x 2, com quatro repetições. Foram combinadas cinco quantidades de palha (0 t ha-1, 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 20 t ha-1 e 40 t ha-1), quatro épocas de aplicação (3, 2, 1 e 0 meses antes da semeadura) e duas formas de adição da palha (superficial e incorporada ao solo). O número de panículas e a massa seca da parte aérea não aumentam quando a palha residual permanece na superfície do solo, porém, são 20 % e 14 % superiores, respectivamente, na média das quantidades de palha, quando a palha é incorporada ao solo no dia da semeadura, em comparação com a incorporação três meses antes. A adição de palha residual de arroz, superficial ou incorporada ao solo, promoveu maior produção de massa de grãos de arroz irrigado, em relação à ausência de palha. Na dose de 40 t ha-1 de palha de arroz residual, adicionada aos três meses antes da semeadura, ocorreu maior produção de massa de grãos de arroz, em relação às quantidades inferiores de palha.

ABSTRACT Rice is an economically important and widely consumed cereal that achieves high yields under flood-irrigated cultivation. However, the amount of residual straw from the previous year may influence its growth and yield. This study evaluated the performance of flood-irrigated rice as affected by residual rice straw, in a greenhouse. A completely randomized design, in a 5 x 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replications, was used. Treatments were obtained from a combination of five rice straw amounts (0 t ha-1, 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 20 t ha-1 and 40 t ha-1), four application times (3, 2, 1 and 0 months before sowing) and two straw application methods (on the surface and incorporated into the soil). The number of panicles and shoot dry mass do not increase when residual straw remains on the soil surface. When the straw is incorporated into the soil on the sowing day, the number of panicles and the shoot dry mass increased by 20 % and 14 %, respectively, if compared to when it was added three months before. The addition of residual rice straw on the surface or incorporated into the soil resulted in a higher yield for flood-irrigated rice grains, when compared to the absence of straw. At 40 t ha-1 of residual rice straw, added at three months before sowing, there was a higher mass yield of rice grains, if compared to the lower amounts of straw.